Waterstream Configuration¶

Docker image¶

Waterstream is typically deployed using a Docker image and configured using the environment variables. Latest Waterstream image is available in DockerHub repository as simplematter/waterstream-kafka:latest or simplematter/waterstream-kafka:1.4.21. ARM64 version is available as simplematter/waterstream-kafka-arm64v8:latest or simplematter/waterstream-kafka-arm64v8:1.4.21. You’ll need a license to run it. You can get a development license for free.

Essential configuration parameters¶

Following environment variables may be used for configuration:

Kafka config¶

KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS - Kafka servers. Example: PLAINTEXT://localhost:9092
KAFKA_SSL_ENDPOINT_IDENTIFICATION_ALGORITHM - ssl.endpoint.identification.algorithm for producer, consumer, and streams
KAFKA_SASL_JAAS_CONFIG - sasl.jaas.config for producer, consumer and streams
KAFKA_SECURITY_PROTOCOL - security.protocol for producer, consumer and streams
KAFKA_ENABLE_IDEMPOTENCE - enable.idempotence producer parameter. Boolean. Default is true.
KAFKA_MAX_IN_FLIGHT_REQUESTS_PER_CONNECTION - max.in.flight.requests.per.connection producer parameter. Must be less then 5 when idempotence or transactions are enabled, 1 otherwise to avoid reordering. Default is 5.
KAFKA_TRANSACTIONAL_ID - to enable transactions specify should have a unique value per node, stable between node restarts. To disable transactional messages specify empty message - a bit less guarantees, but much faster.
KAFKA_PRODUCER_ACKS - override producer acks configuration (0, 1, all)
KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC - default topic for messages - anything not matched by KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS goes here. Default: mqtt_messages
KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS, KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS_PATH (from version 1.4.0) - rules for mapping between Kafka topic+key and MQTT topic. In-line or from file. See MQTT to Kafka (topic + key) mapping rules (new) for the details.
KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS (deprecated in 1.4.0) - additional topics for messages and respective MQTT topic patterns. Comma-separated: kafkaTopic1:pattern1,kafkaTopic2:pattern2. Patterns follow the MQTT subscription wildcards rules. Starting from Waterstream 1.3.18, Kafka topic may include placeholders from the MQTT topic wildcards - i.e. topic_$1:/device/+/# means that messages from MQTT topic /device/vehicle1/speed will be written to Kafka topic topic_vehicle1, and from /device/house1/air_temperature - into topic_house1. See MQTT to Kafka topic mapping (deprecated) for the details.
KAFKA_MESSAGES_ALLOWED_TOPICS_REGEX - limit the Kafka topics eligible for KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS with the regex. Default is empty, meaning no limitation.
KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES (deprecated in 1.4.0) - additional topics for messages and respective MQTT topic prefixes. Comma-separated: kafkaTopic1:prefix1,kafkaTopic2:prefix2. Unlike patterns, prefixes also affect Kafka message key - when writing to Kafka topic, prefix is stripped, when reading - added. See MQTT to Kafka topic mapping (deprecated) for the details.
KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_REPLICA_PREFIXES, KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_REPLICA_SUFFIXES - prefixes and suffixes of the Kafka topic replicas, to support inter-DC replication with tools like MirrorMaker2. For example, if KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_REPLICA_PREFIXES is cluster2.|cluster3. and MQTT client subscribed to the MQTT topic that is mapped to the Kafka topic mqtt_messages, Waterstream will read messages from Kafka topics mqtt_messages, cluster2.mqtt_messages and cluster3.mqtt_messages. If MQTT client publishes the message, Waterstream will write it only to mqtt_messages.
KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY (deprecated in 1.4.0) - optional bidirectional mapping between MQTT topic and Kafka message key, starting from Waterstream 1.3.19. By default complete MQTT topic name is used as the Kafka message key. If such behavior is not sufficient - you can specify this parameter with something like this: foo/+/bar/+:$1_$2, baz/#:$1. Thus, messages published to MQTT topic baz/1 will be stored in Kafka with key 1 (because mapping rule 2 applies), foo/1/bar/2 - with key 1_2 (because rule 1 applies), and foo/1 - with key foo/1 (as none of the rules apply and it falls back to the default behavior). See Kafka message key (deprecated) for the details.
KAFKA_MQTT_FALLBACK_TOPIC - If Kafka message has a key which is not a valid MQTT topic name (null, empty or containing the wildcards) then the message gets delivered to this topic
RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC - retained messages topic - for messages which should be delivered automatically on subscription. Should be compacted. Default: mqtt_retained_messages
SESSION_TOPIC - cession state persistence topic - should be compacted. Default: mqtt_sessions
CONNECTION_TOPIC - connections topic - for detecting concurrent connections with same client ID. Default: mqtt_connections
KAFKA_PRODUCER_LINGER_MS - linger.ms for producer. Default is 100.
KAFKA_BATCH_SIZE - batch.size for producer. Default is 65392 (64KB).
KAFKA_COMPRESSION_TYPE - compression.type for producer. Default is snappy. Valid values are none, gzip, snappy, lz4
KAFKA_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS - request.timeout.ms for producer, consumer and streams
KAFKA_RETRY_BACKOFF_MS - retry.backoff.ms for producer, consumer and streams
KAFKA_MAX_BLOCK_MS - max.block.ms for producer. Default is 60000.
KAFKA_BUFFER_MEMORY - buffer.memory for producer. Default is 33554432 (32 MB).
KAFKA_STREAMS_REPLICATION_FACTOR - replication factor for KafkaStreams internal topics. By default 1
KAFKA_STREAMS_APPLICATION_NAME - Kafka Streams application name. Same for all nodes of Waterstream. Default: waterstream-kafka
KAFKA_STREAMS_STATE_DIRECTORY - Kafka Streams data directory. Used for client sessions and retained messages. Default: /tmp/kafka-streams
KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_START - should it clean the local state directory when Waterstream starts. Default: true
KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_EXIT - should it clean the local state directory when Waterstream stops. Default: true
KAFKA_STREAMS_APP_SERVER_HOST, KAFKA_STREAMS_APP_SERVER_PORT - app server host and port - how other Kafka Streams instances may call this one. That’s a pre-requisite for sharded tables for session state storage. Default port is 1882 and if host isn’t specified Waterstream tries to derive it using Java method InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName(). In production environment port should be restricted to the internal network.
KAFKA_STREAMS_APP_SERVER_SHARED_TOKEN - secret for protecting communication between Kafka Streams instances in dev or staging environments which don’t have full-featured network isolation.
KAFKA_STREAMS_PROPAGATION_UNSEEN_TIMEOUT_MS - Timeout for propagation from topic to key-value store in Kafka streams. Reading fails if after this timeout there are offsets older than latest available when reading starts. Default: 60000
KAFKA_STREAMS_PROPAGATION_UNDECISIVE_TIMEOUT_MS - Timeout for propagation from topic to KV store in Kafka streams. Reading returns latest available data and logs a warning if after this timeout offsets for some partitions haven’t been observed yet. Default: 10000
KAFKA_STREAMS_COMMIT_INTERVAL_MS - commit.interval.ms for KafkaStreams. Default: 10000
KAFKA_STREAMS_BUFFERED_RECORDS_PER_PARTITION - buffered.records.per.partition for KafkaStreams. Default: 1000
CENTRALIZED_CONSUMER_LISTENER_QUEUE - queue length for reading messages from Kafka. Default: 32
KAFKA_CLIENT_ID_PREFIX - Prefix prepended to producer and consumer client.id attributes, together with a dash to separate them. The same value is used as prefix for the Kafka streams client id. Default is empty string.

MQTT settings¶

MQTT_PORT - MQTT port. Default: 1883
MQTT_WS_PORT - MQTT over WebSocket port. By default disabled.
MQTT_BLOCKING_THREAD_POOL_SIZE - Size of thread pool for blocking operations. Default: 10
MAX_QUEUED_INCOMING_MESSAGES - Size of queue for receiving messages - between network event handling loop and actual processing of the messages. If queue capacity is exceeded client connection is dropped. Default: 1000.
MQTT_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE - maximal size of MQTT message, bytes. Default: 8092
MQTT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT_MESSAGES - maximal number of in-flight messages per client - QoS 1 or QoS 2 messages which are in the middle of the communication sequence. Default: 10.
MQTT_MAX_KEEP_ALIVE_SECONDS - maximal Keep Alive parameter value. Default is 3600 (1 hour). If client specifies higher Keep Alive value during connection, it will be capped by this parameter. In MQTT v5 the actual value after capping is returned back to client in Server Keep Alive property of CONNACK packet. In MQTT v3.x capped value will be silently applied, without reporting back to the client.
MQTT_DISCONNECT_IF_FAILED_TO_RETRIEVE_SESSION - Consistency vs Availability - should we close the connection if an error happened when retrieving the session or should we start with fresh session. Default: true.
MQTT_BRIDGES_CONFIG_FILE - location of the bridge configuration file which allows to synchronize Waterstream with another MQTT broker. See bridge documentation page for the details.

Monitoring¶

MONITORING_PORT - port to expose the metrics in Prometheus format. Default: 1884
MONITORING_METRICS_ENDPOINT - monitoring endpoint path. By default /metrics
MONITORING_INCLUDE_JAVA_METRICS - should the metrics output also include standard JVM metrics. Default: false

SSL¶

SSL_ENABLED - is SSL/TLS enabled. Default: false
SSL_KEY_PATH - path to the broker PKCS8 private key. Required if SSL is enabled.
SSL_CERT_PATH - path to the broker .crt certificate. Required if SSL is enabled.
SSL_ADDITIONAL_CA_CERTS_PATH - Comma-separated locations of PEM certificates CAs, additional to the system-default. Mostly used for client SSL certificate authentication, not needed if you only use SSL for encryption.

Authentication¶

AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED - is authentication required
AUTHENTICATION_METHOD_PLAIN_USERS_FILE_ENABLED - is plain-text file authentication enabled
USERS_FILE_PATH - path to the properties file containing username=password pairs for plain-text file authentication
AUTHENTICATION_METHOD_CLIENT_SSL_CERT_ENABLED - is authentication by SSL client certificate enabled (requires SSL connection)
SSL_REQUIRE_CLIENT_ID_EQUALS_CN - if the client is required to have same MQTT client ID as Subject Common Name in SSL certificate
SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION_ACCEPTED_ISSUERS_CNS - white-list issuer CNs for client authentication. Empty to allow all issuers
AUTHENTICATION_METHOD_JWT_ENABLED - is authentication with JWT token (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519) enabled. JWT token is a set of signed claims (such as subject/username, intended audience, validity time etc.) which can be used for authenticating the clients without contacting the issuing server. If exp claim (expiration time) is included in the JWT and this time is reached, the client gets disconnected. If client has connected with MQTT v5, then it gets DISCONNECT message with reason code 0xA0 (Maximum connect time).
JWT_MQTT_CONNECT_USERNAME - expected value of the User Name field in the CONNECT packet to do JWT authentication.
JWT_AUDIENCE - expected aud (audience) claim in the JWT token. If null or empty - any aud is accepted, otherwise it must be equal to JWT_AUDIENCE
JWT_VERIFICATION_KEY_ALGORITHM - algorithm of the key used for JWT verification. Valid values are HmacSHA256, HmacSHA384, HmacSHA512 (symmetric cyphers, both Waterstream and token issuer share the same secret key), RSA, ECDSA (asymmetric cyphers - Waterstream needs a public key to verify JWT, token issuer needs private key to create the JWT)
JWT_VERIFICATION_KEY - in-line key (or X509 certificate) content, provided directly in the environment variable. X509 PEM format supported for RSA and ECDSA, plain text - for HMAC.
JWT_VERIFICATION_KEY_BASE64 - in-line key (or X509 certificate) content, provided directly in the environment variable, Base64-encoded. Intended mostly for the symmetric algorithms HmacSHA256, HmacSHA384 and HmacSHA512. RSA and ECDSA may also use it, but PEM-encoded JWT_VERIFICATION_KEY makes more sense for them.
JWT_VERIFICATION_KEY_PATH - location of the public key or certificate file. X509 PEM format supported for RSA and ECDSA, plain text - for HMAC.
JWT_SUBJECT_USERNAME_EXTRACTION_REGEX - regex for extracting principal username from the sub claim. First group becomes the username - e.g. if the regex is auth0|(.+) and the claim contains auth0|foo, then username is foo. If it has no groups (indicated by parenthesis ( and )) then no successful authentication is possible. If it has more then one group, then the remaining groups are ignored. By default empty - in this case the whole sub becomes the username.
JWT_GROUPS_CLAIM_NAME - name of the claim that contains the array with the groups to which the principal belongs - for authorization. By default empty, no groups are extracted.

Authorization¶

AUTHORIZATION_RULES - in-line authorization rules string
AUTHORIZATION_RULES_PATH - file path from which to read authorization rules
AUTHORIZATION_PUBLISH_DEFAULT_OUTCOME - outcome when there’s no suitable rule for Publish (ALLOW/DENY)
AUTHORIZATION_SUBSCRIBE_DEFAULT_OUTCOME - outcome when there’s no suitable rule for Subscribe (ALLOW/DENY)

License¶

WATERSTREAM_LICENSE_LOCATION - license file location. By default /etc/waterstream.license
WATERSTREAM_LICENSE_DATA - inline license data. If specified and is not empty - takes precedence over WATERSTREAM_LICENSE_LOCATION.
WATERSTREAM_LICENSE_AWS_MARKETPLACE_ENABLED - enable AWS Marketplace API as an alternative to the license file validation. Default is true. You need AWS Marketplace subscription for this validation method to work. License file (specified by WATERSTREAM_LICENSE_LOCATION) is always checked first, so that you could have bring-your-own-license (BYOL) working. If license file validation fails, then Waterstream tries to use AWS Marketplace API - if you’re running on AWS and you have a subscription it will charge you on hourly basis. Waterstream needs permission to use such API, you can assign them using the arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AWSMarketplaceMeteringRegisterUsage policy.

Other¶

COROUTINES_THREADS - Kotlin coroutines thread pool size. Optimal coroutines threads number is 2*CPU cores number.
WATERSTREAM_LOGBACK_CONFIG - location of the custom Logback configuration file

MQTT to Kafka topic mapping (deprecated)¶

Waterstream always must have the default Kafka topic - message is written there if no other configuration applies. It’s specified by KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC environment variable, by default is mqtt_messages.

Before Waterstream 1.4.0 there were two ways to configure additional topics - patterns and prefixes. You can find their described in this section, but beware that they are deprecated now. Starting from Waterstream 1.4.0 more flexible mapping rules are preferred - see MQTT to Kafka (topic + key) mapping rules (new).

Patterns are configured by KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS variable and use MQTT wildcards to specify which Kafka topics holds which MQTT messages. + is a single-level wildcard, # - multi-level. If multiple patterns match some MQTT topic, the first matching mapping applies. This mapping doesn’t affect the key of the Kafka message - it’s the same as the MQTT topic name E.g. having such mapping: t1:/foo,t2:/bar/# MQTT messages for topic /foo go to Kafka topic t1, /foo/baz - to the default topic (because pattern is exact name rather than wildcard), /bar/, /bar/baz - to the Kafka topic t2.

Starting from Waterstream 1.3.18, Kafka topic templates can be used together with patterns - you don’t have to define every single Kafka topic manually. Instead, you can use placeholders that get substituted by the values from the MQTT pattern wildcards. Placeholders look like $1, $2, etc. and get substituted by wildcard values. For instance, if you have mapping ktopic_$1_$2:/sensors/+/+/#, $1 will refer to the first +, $2 - to the second. And if MQTT client publishes a message to /sensors/area1/fridge2/temperature, it will end up in Kafka topic ktopic_area1_fridge2. If it tries to subscribe to such MQTT topic - it will read the message from same Kafka topic, ktopic_area1_fridge2. When MQTT client tries to subscribe to the data for all devices from specific area, say, with /sensors/area1/#, Waterstream will check which topics Kafka broker has and will read data from those that match - i.e. it would read from ktopic_area1_fridge3 and ktopic_area1_charger2, but not from ktopic_area500_fridge3. As MQTT topics allow richer set of characters than Kafka topics (alphanumeric, -, _, .), it’s possible that mapping with placeholders will result in an invalid Kaka topic name. In this case, Waterstream will fall back to the default Kafka topic. In our example, MQTT topic /sensors/@area2/%device3/voltage would result in an invalid Kafka topic ktopic_@area_%device3.

You can use KAFKA_MESSAGES_ALLOWED_TOPICS_REGEX to further refine mapping rules defined in KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS and avoid publishing to the unintended topics: if KAFKA_MESSAGES_ALLOWED_TOPICS_REGEX is not empty, Waterstream will only consider Kafka topics that satisfy it when applying topic patterns in KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS. For example, if KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS is data_$1:/sensors/# and KAFKA_MESSAGES_ALLOWED_TOPICS_REGEX is data_foo_.*, a message published by some client into MQTT topic /sensors/foo_bar will end up in Kafka topic data_foo_bar (because it matches the regex data_foo_.*), and published to MQTT topic /sensors/foo - in the default Kafka topic defined by KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC, because it doesn’t match the regex.

Prefixes are configured by KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES variable. No wildcards here - prefix is applied literally. Wildcard characters aren’t allowed in the prefixes. First matching prefix applies. Unlike patterns, prefix also affects Kafka message key - this is useful if your MQTT clients want to consume messages produced by some general-purpose tools in Kafka, such as ksqlDB. For example - with such mapping: t1:/foo,t2:/bar/ MQTT message for topic /foo will go to Kafka topic t1 with empty string key, foobar to t1 with bar key, /bar and /barbaz to the default topic, /bar/baz to t2 topic with baz key.

Mapping between MQTT and Kafka topics work bidirectionally - i.e. both for persisting MQTT message in Kafka topic, and for picking MQTT message from Kafka topic. If message is written by some external tool into Kafka Waterstream only guarantees picking the message if that external tool follows the same MQTT to Kafka topic mapping rules. Otherwise, when clients subscribe to MQTT topic Waterstream may not correctly detect from which Kafka topic should it read the messages.

Example¶

Assume that Waterstream is configured with such parameters:

KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC=mqtt_messages
KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS=building/+/room/+/#:building_$1_room_$2,building/+/#:building_$1_others

In this case when an MQTT client publishes a message to Waterstream it will end up in the following Kafka topic:

PUBLISH MQTT Topic	Produce to the Kafka topic	Why
foo	mqtt_messages	default
building/1/voltage	building_1_others	`building/+/#` matches
building/1/room/2/temperature	building_1_room_2	`building/+/room/+/#` matches
building/2/room/3/is_open	building_2_room_3	`building/+/room/+/#` matches
building/1	mqtt_messages	default - `building/+/#` doesn’t match the `/#` part

When MQTT client subscribes to the MQTT topic Waterstream reads the messages from the following Kafka topics - pay attention that multiple Kafka topics may be needed to read all messages that belong to some MQTT topic patterns:

SUBSCRIBE MQTT Topic Pattern	Consume from the Kafka topics (* - any characters)	Why
foo	mqtt_messages	default, none of the patterns matches `foo`
building/1/voltage	building_1_others	`building/+/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/1/room/2/temperature	building_1_room_2	`building/+/room/+/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/2/room/3/is_open	building_2_room_3	`building/+/room/+/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/1	mqtt_messages	default - `building/+/#` doesn’t match the `/#` part
building/1/room/2/#	building_1_room_2	`building/+/room/+/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic pattern
building/+/room/+/#	building__room_	`building/+/room/+/#` matches and fully covers but leaves the wildcards
building/1/room/#	building_1_room_*, building_1_others	Both patterns match, but only the 2nd fully covers. Therefore, both apply but the default - no.
building/2/floor/#	building_2_others	`building/+/#` applies and fully covers, leaves no wildcards
building/+/floor/+/co2	building_*_others	`building/+/#` applies and fully covers but leaves the wildcard
#	building__room_, building_*_others, mqtt_messages	both patterns apply, none of them covers completely - need to include the default

Here expressions with * in Kafka topic means that when MQTT client attempts subscription Waterstream will list all the available Kafka topics and pick ones that match the expression - with * replaced by any valid Kafka topic characters. I.e. for building_1_room_* topics building_1_room_1, building_1_room_foo, building_1_room_2_3 and building_1_room_ will match, while building_1_floor_1 or building_1_room - no.

Kafka message key (deprecated)¶

The approach described in this section is deprecated starting from Waterstream 1.4.0 in favor of the more flexible mapping rules - see MQTT to Kafka (topic + key) mapping rules (new).

By default, MQTT topic name is used as Kafka message key when MQTT client publishes the message and vice versa - Kafka message key becomes a MQTT topic when MQTT client consumes the message. There are, however, some customization options.

KAFKA_MQTT_FALLBACK_TOPIC is used as MQTT topic if Kafka message key is null, empty or contains characters that aren’t allowed in MQTT topic name (+ or #).

KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES defines mapping between Kafka topic and MQTT topic in such way that MQTT topic prefix that identifies Kafka topic gets stripped and the remaining part becomes the Kafka message key. MQTT to Kafka topic mapping (deprecated) explains this in more details.

KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY defines bidirectional mapping between MQTT topic and Kafka message key using MQTT-style patterns with the wildcards (+ is single-leve, # - multi-level). Multiple coma-separated mappings may be defined - for instance, foo/+/bar/+:$1_$2, baz/#:$1. MQTT topic name parts that are matched by the wildcards can be substituted into the Kafka key as $1, $2 and so on. If none of the patterns matches MQTT topic - the default approach is used and the complete MQTT topic name becomes the Kafka message key. Let’s look into specific examples having such mapping: foo/+/bar/+:$1_$2, baz/#:$1. Messages from MQTT topic baz/1 will be stored in Kafka with key 1 (because mapping rule 2 applies), foo/1/bar/2 - with key 1_2 (because rule 1 applies), and foo/1 - with key foo/1. If the message is published directly to the Kafka topic without using the Waterstream and it has a key aaa_bbb MQTT clients can consume it from MQTT topic foo/aaa/bar/bbb (because it satisfies the $1_$1 pattern of the Kafka key from the first rule), key aaa - from MQTT topic baz/aaa (2nd rule applies to this and other keys that don’t have _ in them). If Kafka message key contains a character that isn’t allowed in MQTT topic name (i.e. wildcards - + or #) then the fallback MQTT topic name is used (defined by KAFKA_MQTT_FALLBACK_TOPIC).

If MQTT message is both published and consumed through Waterstream (rather than through Kafka client or other Kafka to MQTT bridges), the MQTT topic name remains even though Kafka message key may be amended by KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY. Kafka message headers are used for this. In the previous mapping example, if the third-party Kafka client publishes a message with key aaa it becomes MQTT message with the topic baz/aaa. On the other hand, if MQTT client publishes a message to MQTT topic aaa, it also becomes Kafka message with the key aaa, but MQTT clients consume it with the original topic aaa rather than transformed from Kafka key into baz/aaa.

If both KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES and KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY are specified, prefixes have the priority - i.e. if KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES applies and Kafka topic is determined from it, no further transformation with KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY occurs.

MQTT to Kafka (topic + key) mapping rules (new)¶

Waterstream 1.4.0 introduces a new approach for mapping MQTT topic to Kafka topic and key that takes precedence over the previously used KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS, KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PREFIXES and KAFKA_MQTT_TOPIC_TO_MESSAGE_KEY. Each rule can take both Kafka topic and Kafka key into account, thus allowing to map some MQTT topic placeholders to the Kafka topics and some to Kafka key. It also supports regexes for the placeholders for more fine-graned rules definitions. Old approaches described in MQTT to Kafka topic mapping (deprecated) and Kafka message key (deprecated) are deprecated since version 1.4.0 and may be subject for removal in future.

Waterstream always must have the default Kafka topic - message is written there if no other configuration applies. It’s specified by KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC environment variable, by default is mqtt_messages.

By default Kafka message key is the same as MQTT topic: when MQTT client publishes an MQTT message, Waterstream writes a message to Kafka with key same as MQTT topic of that message. And vice versa - when Waterstream reads a message from Kafka it sends it to subscribed MQTT clients with the MQTT topic taken from the Kafka message key.

If default behavior for Kafka topic and key is not enough, you can configure the mapping with KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS environment variable. It contains in-line mapping definition in the HOCON format, which is a superset of JSON - it can accept JSON, but is more flexible and therefore easier to write. Here is an example mapping config:

rules = [
  {
    kafkaTopic: "building_{building}_room_{room}"
    kafkaKey: "room_{room}"
    mqttTopic: "building/{building}/room/{room}/#"
    defaultPlaceholder: ""
    parametersRegex: {
      building: "[a-z]+"
      room: "[0-9]+"
    }
  },
  {
    kafkaTopic: "vehicle_{plate}"
    kafkaKeyNull: true
    mqttTopic: "vehicle/{plate}/#"
    ignoreKafkaHeaders: true
  },
  {
    kafkaTopic: "weather_report"
    kafkaKey: "{metric}_{suffix}"
    mqttTopic: "weather/{metric}"
    parametersDefaults: {
      suffix: ""
    }
  }
]

There’s only one top-level parameter:

rules - an array of rules for Kafka to MQTT mapping

The rule has following parameters:

kafkaTopic - mandatory string, template for the Kafka topic
kafkaKey - optional string, template for the Kafka key
kafkaKeyNull - optional boolean, default false. If this mapping produces Kafka messages with the null key. If it is true then kafkaKey parameter has no effect
ignoreKafkaHeaders - boolean, default false. If Kafka message header MqttTopic should be ignored when building an MQTT topic name for this mapping. By default, MqttTopic header has highest precedence when deciding to which MQTT topic message belongs. However, after ksql processing Kafka message may have incorrect value for such header. In such situation, set this parameter to true.
mqttTopic - mandatory string, template for the MQTT topic
defaultPlaceholder - optional string, by default empty. If Kafka key is customized (with kafkaKey or kafkaKeyNull) and mqttTopic has anonymous placeholders + or #, then defaultPlaceholder is used for those placeholders when Waterstream reads a message from Kafka to send it to MQTT clients
parametersRegex - optional map of string to string, by default empty. Regular expressions can be specified for the parameters to restrict the possible values. Expressions follow the Java Regex format, the only restriction is that boundaries for the beginning ^ and the end $ of the line aren’t supported, as these expressions may be embedded into a larger expression.
parametersDefaults - optional map of string to string, by default empty. Defines default values for the parameters defined for MQTT but not for Kafka or vice versa. For example, with kafkaKey: "{metric}_{suffix}" and mqttTopic: "weather/{metric}" default value must be specified for the parameter suffix because there’s no such parameter in the mqttTopic template.

kafkaTopic and kafkaKey use the same format of the templates. Parameters are written in curly braces: {someParameter}. No escaping for the curly braces supported at the moment. For example, in building_{building}_room_{room} there are 2 parameters - building and room. Such template is used both when matching topic and key when message comes from Kafka (with parameters extraction) and when publishing a message to Kafka (with parameters substitution)

mqttTopic also uses curly braces for defining the parameters. But it additionally supports MQTT wildcards: + for the single-level, # for the multi-level. Multi-level wildcard can be combined with the parameter (i.e. #{someParam}) if you want to capture it and use in the Kafka key template. When publishing message to Kafka, parameters are extracted and wildcard just validated (to pick the rule that matches the MQTT topic). When reading message from Kafka and converting it into the MQTT message mqttTopic is only used for MQTT topic construction when there are some key customizations with kafkaKey or kafkaKeyNull, otherwise Kafka key is used literally as a MQTT topic. When mqttTopic is used for MQTT topic construction the wildcards + and # are substituted with the value from defaultPlaceholder.

Waterstream has KAFKA_MQTT_FALLBACK_TOPIC parameter defines which MQTT topic should the message have if mapping rules end up in the invalid MQTT topic (e.g. a parameter with “#” or “+” is extracted from Kafka key and substituted into the mqttTopic template). The default is “fallback”.

Rules from KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS have higher priority over other Kafka topic or key customization settings. They are bidirectional (both MQTT to Kafka and Kafka to MQTT), applied in order - that is, the first rule that satisfies the input conditions is applied. Or, in case of the wildcard subscription, all the matching rules are used together until Waterstream finds the rule that covers all possible cases.

For example, given the rules defined before - if MQTT client publishes the message to the topic building/foo/room/123/temperature the first rule is applied (with MQTT topic pattern building/{building}/room/{room}/#), if vehicle/AA1234BB/speed - the second (with the vehicle/{plate}/# pattern), and if transport/plane1234/altitude - none of the rules applies, the default Kafka topic is used. When MQTT client subscribes to building/# the first rule is used but it doesn’t cover all the cases - because that client may be interested in the MQTT topic building/water/pressure which fits the pattern building/# but doesn’t fit the first rule. Second rule doesn’t apply here because there’s no MQTT topic that matches both vehicle/{plate}/# and building/# Therefore, Waterstream subscribes to the Kafka topics defined by the first rule and to the default Kafka topic on behalf of this MQTT client.

Example¶

Assume that Waterstream is configured with KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC=mqtt_messages, KAFKA_MQTT_FALLBACK_TOPIC=fallback``and ``KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS is set to the following: - KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS=building/+/room/+/#:building_$1_room_$2,building/+/#:building_$1_others

rules = [
  {
    kafkaTopic: "building_{building}_room_{room}"
    mqttTopic: "building/{building}/room/{room}/#"
  },
  {
    kafkaTopic: "building_{building}_others"
    kafkaKey: "tail={tail}"
    mqttTopic: "bulding/{building}/#{tail}"
  },
  {
    kafkaTopic: "fleet_{fleet}"
    kafkaKey: "{vehicle}"
    mqttTopic: "fleet/{fleet}/vehicle/{vehicle}/#"
    defaultPlaceholder: "speed"
  }
]

In this case when an MQTT client publishes a message to Waterstream it will end up in the following Kafka topic with the following Kafka key:

PUBLISH MQTT Topic	Produce to the Kafka topic	Kafka key	Why
foo	mqtt_messages	foo	default
building/1/voltage	building_1_others	tail=voltage	`building/{building}/#{tail}` matches
building/1/room/2/temperature	building_1_room_2	building/1/room/2/temperature	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches
building/2/room/3/is_open	building_2_room_3	building/2/room/3/is_open	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches
building/1	mqtt_messages	building/1	default - `building/{building}/#{tail}` doesn’t match the `/#{tail}` part

When MQTT client subscribes to the MQTT topic Waterstream reads the messages from the following Kafka topics - pay attention that multiple Kafka topics may be needed to read all messages that belong to some MQTT topic patterns:

SUBSCRIBE MQTT Topic Pattern	Consume from the Kafka topics (* - any characters)	Why
foo	mqtt_messages	default, none of the patterns matches `foo`
building/1/voltage	building_1_others	`building/{building}/#{tail}` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/1/room/2/temperature	building_1_room_2	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/2/room/3/is_open	building_2_room_3	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic
building/1	mqtt_messages	default - `building/{building}/#{tail}` doesn’t match the `/#` part
building/1/room/2/#	building_1_room_2	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches and fully covers MQTT topic pattern
building/+/room/+/#	building__room_	`building/{building}/room/{room}/#` matches and fully covers but leaves the wildcards
building/1/room/#	building_1_room_*, building_1_others	Both patterns match, but only the 2nd fully covers. Therefore, both apply but the default - no.
building/2/floor/#	building_2_others	`building/{building}/#{tail}` applies and fully covers, leaves no wildcards
building/+/floor/+/co2	building_*_others	`building/{building}/#{tail}` applies and fully covers but leaves the wildcard
#	building__room_, building__others, fleet_, mqtt_messages	all patterns apply, none of them covers completely - need to include the default

Here expressions with * in Kafka topic means that when MQTT client attempts subscription Waterstream will list all the available Kafka topics and pick ones that match the expression - with * replaced by any valid Kafka topic characters. I.e. for building_1_room_* topics building_1_room_1, building_1_room_foo, building_1_room_2_3 and building_1_room_ will match, while building_1_floor_1 or building_1_room - no.

This defines subscribing to the Kafka topic, but we have one more “moving part” - the MQTT topic. Assuming that the Waterstream subscribed to the correct Kafka topic on behalf of the MQTT client, here’s how it would handle the incoming Kafka messages from the third-party producer (which is not guaranteed to respect the mapping rules KAFKA_MQTT_MAPPINGS and, therefore, may give us “surprises” in the Kafka message key):

Kafka topic	Kafka key	MQTT topic result	Why
building_1_room_2	building/1/room/2/ventilation	building/1/room/2/ventilation	1st rule match, Kafka producer provided the correct key
building_1_room_2	building/foo	building/foo	1st rule match, but Kafka producer provided an incorrect key
building_1_room_2	<null>	fallback	1st rule match, but it doesn’t build MQTT topic (neither `kafkaKeyNull: true`, nor `kafkaKey` defined) - fallback MQTT topic is used
mqtt_messages	building/1/room/2/ventilation	building/1/room/2/ventilation	No rule applies, MQTT topic taken literally from the Kafka key
building_1_others	tail=voltage	building/1/voltage	2st rule match, and it builds MQTT topic (because Kafka key is customized with `kafkaKey`)
building_1_others	building/1/voltage	building/1/voltage	No rule applies (key doesn’t match 2nd rule format) yet Kafka producer provides the correct key
building_1_others	foo	foo	No rule applies (key doesn’t match 2nd rule format) and Kafka producer provides unexpected key
fleet_1	2	fleet/1/vehicle/2/speed	3rd rule match, it builds MQTT topic (because Kafka key is customized) and adds default placeholder `speed` for the wildcard `#`

When Waterstream finds out what is the MQTT topic of the message that was retrieved from Kafka it double-checks if it still fits the subscription pattern. If it doesn’t match - the message is discarded. E.g if the MQTT client subscribed to “building/1/room/2/#” and a message in Kafka topic “building_1_room_2” all of sudden has unexpected key “building/foo” (and, therefore, MQTT topic “building/foo”) - it gets discarded. If, however, MQTT client has subscribed to “#” (which means all MQTT topics), the message still gets delivered despite the unexpected MQTT topic.

MQTT topic in Kafka header¶

If Waterstream publishes a message to Kafka with customized key (that is, key is not equal to the MQTT topic) it also adds a MqttTopic header to that message with the actual MQTT topic so that the MQTT topic can be reliably restored when reading the message.

When Waterstream reads a message from Kafka it checks MqttTopic header. If the message has such header, MQTT topic is taken from the header and Waterstream looks no further for the rules to build the MQTT topic - the header works as the “ultimate witness” of the original MQTT topic.

If, however, you decide to use that header for overriding the topic in Kafka messages produced by third-party tool and consumed by Waterstream, beware that without the appropriate Kafka to MQTT topic mapping Waterstream may not subscribe to the correct Kafka topic in the first place. In such case you won’t be able to subscribe to that message using an MQTT client. So, be sure to keep your topic mapping rules right if you customize the headers.

Some tools, such as ksql, may pass on header values from the input to the output. If you use such tools to transform messages from Waterstream and feed the results back to the Waterstream, you may end up with the incorrect header value. In such situation you may want to turn off reading MqttTopic header for specific mappings - see ignoreKafkaHeaders parameter in MQTT to Kafka (topic + key) mapping rules (new)

Authorization rules¶

Authorization rules are defined as CSV text with a header, either directly in the environment variable AUTHORIZATION_RULES or in the file indicated by AUTHORIZATION_RULES_PATH. Both sources are combined, with in-line rules going first. If no rules found in both locations then authorization doesn’t apply.

If the client attempts to publish to the topic for which it has no publish permission connection is immediately terminated. If the client attempts to subscribe to exact topic name (without wildcards) for which it has no subscribe permissions connection is immediately terminated. If the client attempts to subscribe to the topic pattern with wildcards (+ or #) then permissions aren’t validated immediately, but all the messages from topics to which the client has no subscribe permissions are skipped.

Here is an example - columns must follow in the same order as here:

Topic,                      Action,     Condition,                              Outcome
topics/client1,             ALL,        username=client1,                       ALLOW
topics/org2,                ALL,        organization=org2,                      ALLOW
topics/dep1,                SUBSCRIBE,  organization=org1&group=departament1,   ALLOW
topics/notdep1,             ALL,        group=departament1,                     DENY
topics/public/#,            PUBLISH,    ,                                       ALLOW
topics/nonanonymous/#,      PUBLISH,    authenticated=true,                     ALLOW
topics/{username}/stats,    PUBLISH,    ,                                       ALLOW
topics/{group},             SUBSCRIBE,  organization=org1,                      ALLOW

Rule matches if Topic, Action and Condition match. The Outcome is applied then. First matched rule applies. If no rule applies - default outcome configuration is applied. Here is the meaning of the columns:

Topic: MQTT topic. May include wildcards (+ for single level, # for the remaining part of the topic) and placeholders ({username}, {organization}, {group} - available only for authenticated users).
Action: PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE or ALL (which applies both to publish and subscribe)
Condition: expression indicates if the rule is applicable to the currently authenticated user. Multiple conditions may be joined by logical AND by placing ampersand & between them - no deep expressions yet. If value itself contains ampersand it can be escaped with a backslash - i.e. organization=here\\&there Following variables are available:
- authenticated - boolean (true/false)
- username - for MQTT CONNECT authentication is taken from User Name field of CONNECT packet. For client certificate authentication - taken from certificate subject’s Common Name (“CN”)
- organization - not available for MQTT CONNECT authentication, for client certificate authentication is taken from subject’s Organization (“O”) if available
- group - not available for MQTT CONNECT authentication, for client certificate authentication is taken from subject’s Org Unit (“OU”) values. There may be multiple values - in this case both Topic and Condition match if at least one value matches.
Outcome: ALLOW or DENY - authorization outcome if this rule applies

JWT custom claims¶

When JWT is the authentication mode, the client can specify custom additional claims in the Json Web Token that will be used to match the authorization rules. For example, if the client JWT payload is

{
  "sub": "user1",
  "bu": "sales",
  "country": "uk"
}

the claims bu and country can be used in the authorization rules. More examples in the following table

Topic,                      Action,     Condition,               Outcome
topics/{bu},                ALL,        bu=sales,                ALLOW
topics/tech,                ALL,        bu=sales,                DENY
topics/{bu},                ALL,        ,                        DENY
topics/{bu}/{country},      SUBSCRIBE,  bu=sales&country=uk,     ALLOW
topics/{country}/{bu},      ALL,        bu=research&country=de,  ALLOW

Topics creation¶

Topics configured by environment variables KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC, RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC, SESSION_TOPIC, CONNECTION_TOPIC must be created before starting of the Waterstream. RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC and SESSION_TOPIC should be compacted, CONNECTION_TOPIC cleanup policy should be delete, with few minutes retention time. KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC retention policy depends on business needs. Topic with fixed name __waterstream_heartbeat is needed for basic liveness check across the Waterstream instances, 5..10 minutes message retention time is enough.

Given that these environment variables contain desired topic names , KAFKA_HOME points to Kafka distribution folder and KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS refers to Kafka connection (host:port of at least one Kafka broker) here is example script to create the topics:

 $KAFKA_HOME/bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server $KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS --create \
     --topic $SESSION_TOPIC --partitions 5 --replication-factor 1 \
     --config cleanup.policy=compact --config min.compaction.lag.ms=60000 \
     --config delete.retention.ms=600000
 $KAFKA_HOME/bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server $KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS --create \
     --topic $RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC --partitions 5 --replication-factor 1 \
     --config cleanup.policy=compact --config min.compaction.lag.ms=60000 \
     --config delete.retention.ms=600000
 $KAFKA_HOME/bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server $KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS --create \
     --topic $CONNECTION_TOPIC --partitions 5 --replication-factor 1 \
     --config cleanup.policy=delete --config retention.ms=600000 \
     --config delete.retention.ms=3600000
$KAFKA_TOPICS_COMMAND --bootstrap-server $KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS --create --topic $MESSAGES_TOPIC \
  --partitions 5 --replication-factor 1 --config retention.ms=86400000
$KAFKA_TOPICS_COMMAND --bootstrap-server $KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS --create --topic __waterstream_heartbeat \
  --partitions 5 --replication-factor 1 --config retention.ms=300000

Example script for running Waterstream¶

 #!/bin/sh
 #Config for the application

 SCRIPT_DIR=`realpath $(dirname "$0")`

 #Kafka config
 #============
 export KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS=PLAINTEXT://localhost:9092
 #Empty to disable transactional messages - a bit less guarantees, but much faster.
 #To enable transactions specify a unique across all Kafka connections value.
 export KAFKA_TRANSACTIONAL_ID=
 #Default topic for messages - anything not matched by KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS
 # goes here.
 export KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC=mqtt_messages
 #Additional topics for messages and respective MQTT topic patterns.
 #Comma-separated: kafkaTopic1:pattern1,kafkaTopic2:pattern2. Patterns follow the
 # MQTT subscription wildcards rules
 export KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS=""
 #Retained messages topic - for messages which should be delivered automatically
 # on subscription.
 export RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC=mqtt_retained_messages
 #Session state persistence topic - should be compacted
 export SESSION_TOPIC=mqtt_sessions
 #Connections topic - for detecting concurrent connections with same client ID.
 export CONNECTION_TOPIC=mqtt_connections
 export KAFKA_STREAMS_APPLICATION_NAME="waterstream-kafka"
 export KAFKA_STREAMS_STATE_DIRECTORY="/tmp/kafka-streams"
 #Should it clean the local state directory when Waterstream starts
 export KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_START=false
 #Should it clean the local state directory when Waterstream stops
 export KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_EXIT=false
 #Queue length for reading messages from Kafka
 export CENTRALIZED_CONSUMER_LISTENER_QUEUE=32

 #MQTT settings
 #=============
 export MQTT_PORT=1883
 #Size of thread pool for blocking operations
 export MQTT_BLOCKING_THREAD_POOL_SIZE=10
 #Size of queue for receiving messages - between network event handling loop and
 # actual processing of the messages
 export MAX_QUEUED_INCOMING_MESSAGES=1000
 #Maximal number of in-flight messages per client - QoS 1 or QoS 2 messages which are
 # in the middle of the communication sequence.
 export MQTT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT_MESSAGES=10

 #Monitoring
 #==========
 #Port to expose the metrics in Prometheus format
 export MONITORING_PORT=1884
 export MONITORING_METRICS_ENDPOINT="/metrics"
 #Should the metrics output also include standard JVM metrics
 export MONITORING_INCLUDE_JAVA_METRICS=false

 #SSL
 export SSL_ENABLED=false
 #export SSL_KEY_PATH=
 #export SSL_CERT_PATH=

 #Authentication
 #USERS_FILE_PATH=

 #JMX settings for debug and profiling
 export JMX_OPTIONS=
 #JMX_PORT=5000
 #RMI_PORT=5001
 #export JMX_OPTIONS="-Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote=true \
 # -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=$JMX_PORT \
 # -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.rmi.port=$RMI_PORT \
 # -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate=false \
 # -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false"

 #Kotlin coroutines thread pool size. Optimal coroutines threads  number is
 # 2*CPU cores number
 export COROUTINES_THREADS=16


 CONTAINER_NAME=waterstream-kafka
 IMAGE_NAME=simplematter/waterstream-kafka:1.4.21

 #interactive
 #INTERACTIVE=-it
 #non-interactive
 INTERACTIVITY=-d

 #No cleanup
 #CLEANUP=""
 #Remove container automatically when completed
 CLEANUP="--rm"

 docker run $INTERACTIVITY $CLEANUP $JMX_OPTIONS $DEBUG_OPTIONS \
      -e KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS=$KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS \
      -e COROUTINES_THREADS=$COROUTINES_THREADS \
      -e KAFKA_TRANSACTIONAL_ID=$KAFKA_TRANSACTIONAL_ID \
      -e MQTT_PORT=$MQTT_PORT \
      -e SESSION_TOPIC=$SESSION_TOPIC \
      -e RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC=$RETAINED_MESSAGES_TOPIC \
      -e CONNECTION_TOPIC=$CONNECTION_TOPIC \
      -e KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC=$KAFKA_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_TOPIC \
      -e KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS=$KAFKA_MESSAGES_TOPICS_PATTERNS \
      -e KAFKA_STREAMS_APPLICATION_NAME=$KAFKA_STREAMS_APPLICATION_NAME \
      -e KAFKA_STREAMS_STATE_DIRECTORY=$KAFKA_STREAMS_STATE_DIRECTORY \
      -e KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_START=$KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_START \
      -e KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_EXIT=$KAFKA_RESET_STREAMS_ON_EXIT \
      -e CENTRALIZED_CONSUMER_LISTENER_QUEUE=$CENTRALIZED_CONSUMER_LISTENER_QUEUE \
      -e MQTT_BLOCKING_THREAD_POOL_SIZE=$MQTT_BLOCKING_THREAD_POOL_SIZE \
      -e MAX_QUEUED_INCOMING_MESSAGES=$MAX_QUEUED_incoming_MESSAGES \
      -e MQTT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT_MESSAGES=$MQTT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT_MESSAGES \
      -e MONITORING_PORT=$MONITORING_PORT \
      -e MONITORING_METRICS_ENDPOINT=$MONITORING_METRICS_ENDPOINT \
      -e MONITORING_INCLUDE_JAVA_METRICS=$MONITORING_INCLUDE_JAVA_METRICS \
      -v $SCRIPT_DIR/waterstream.license:/etc/waterstream.license:ro \
      --network host \
      --name $CONTAINER_NAME $IMAGE_NAME